Night Before the Exam

Domain Weights

Essential Services

Critical Differences

• Bedrock vs SageMaker AI vs Managed AI Services
• RAG vs Fine-Tuning vs Prompt Engineering
• Secrets Manager vs Parameter Store

Security Concepts

• Roles over long-lived keys where possible.
• Encryption does not replace authorization.
• Resource policies and identity policies can both participate in access decisions.
• CloudTrail answers API activity; Config answers configuration state.

Cost Concepts

• Match capacity model to usage pattern.
• Watch storage access frequency and lifecycle.
• Data transfer and NAT can dominate architecture cost.
• Managed services reduce operations but are not automatically cheapest.

Decision Words

• Least operational overhead: Prefer managed and serverless services when they satisfy the requirement. Exceptions appear when the scenario needs host control, unsupported runtimes, specialized network behavior, or exact migration compatibility.
• Highly available: Identify the failure boundary. One instance is not HA. Multiple instances in one AZ help capacity but not AZ failure. Multi-AZ handles regional AZ faults. Multi-Region handles regional events but adds complexity and cost.
• Durable: Durability is about preserving data. Use replication, versioning, backups, point-in-time recovery, and tested restore plans. A durable backup does not guarantee a low RTO.
• Decouple the application: Use SQS for buffering work, SNS for fanout, EventBridge for event routing, and Step Functions for visible workflow state. Add retries, DLQs, and idempotent consumers.
• Least privilege: Prefer roles and temporary credentials, scope actions/resources/conditions, watch explicit denies, and remember that resource policies may also be required.
• Most cost-effective: Read usage pattern, duration, access frequency, scaling behavior, data transfer, and operations. Cheapest unit price is not always lowest total cost.
• Lowest latency: Move content or compute closer to users, cache aggressively, choose the right database access pattern, and avoid unnecessary cross-Region or NAT paths.
• Private connectivity: Use private subnets, VPC endpoints, PrivateLink, VPN, Direct Connect, Transit Gateway, and tight DNS/routing design instead of public exposure.
• Minimum downtime: Separate deployment downtime, failure recovery, and data restore time. Use blue/green, canary, Multi-AZ, replication, and tested rollback where appropriate.
• Automatic remediation: Pair a reliable signal with EventBridge or CloudWatch, a scoped Systems Manager Automation or Lambda action, and a validation step.
• RPO and RTO: RPO is acceptable data loss. RTO is acceptable recovery time. Backups, replication, failover, and architecture all affect them differently.
• Ordered processing: Use FIFO queues or ordered stream partition keys where ordering really matters. Otherwise preserve throughput and idempotency with standard queues/events.
• Encryption and key management: Encryption protects data confidentiality. KMS key policies and IAM decide who can use keys. Authorization still needs separate design.
• Centralized governance: Use Organizations, SCPs, delegated admin, organization trails, Config aggregators, Security Hub, and account vending for multi-account control.

Common Traps

• Treating generative AI output as authoritative without validation.
• Ignoring the training data and evaluation process when a model is biased or unreliable.
• Choosing model fine-tuning when prompt engineering or retrieval would solve the problem with less overhead.
• Forgetting that customer data and prompts still need governance.

Worth Memorizing

• Fundamentals of AI and ML: 20%
• Fundamentals of GenAI: 24%
• Applications of Foundation Models: 28%
• Guidelines for Responsible AI: 14%
• Security, Compliance, and Governance for AI Solutions: 14%

Understand, Do Not Memorize

• Whether you understand the lifecycle of AI/ML work from data through evaluation and monitoring.
• Whether you can distinguish predictive ML, generative AI, foundation models, embeddings, and retrieval augmented generation.
• Whether you can choose AWS AI services at the right level of abstraction.
• Whether you recognize responsible AI, security, governance, and human-review concerns.

Sources and Review Metadata

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